Cost Benefit Analysis Essay

Abstract The City of Sanford initiated work on their Parks and Grounds City Project in 2004 with the development of Phase I of said project in an effort to create and build a better community for city residents. In doing so, they have been privy to obtaining various grants and funding that allowed them to extend the focus on the project to the Riverwalk and Seawall, while extending the phases of the Program to Street Revitalization, the Riverwalk Gateway, the Marketplace at Seminole Towne Center, and soon the Orlando Sanford International Airport. This document will note the cost-benefit analysis that took place in the development of the project. It will also state how such analysis is used for making decisions regarding public expenditures, the role the economic theory played in conducting research for this particular project as well as the influence of economic theory on the cost benefit analysis for this project. Public Finance Proposal Part I: Cost Benefit Analysis The consideration of costs and benefits in the evaluation of an upcoming city project is a rather logical process. In fact, it is important for city managers to take into account the project costs and benefits prior to implementation of said project. The process of developing the project idea is essential and thus consideration for the best course of action becomes essential to the process. Once these measures have been weighed out it is critical to compare the costs associated with implementing the courses of action addressed in the development phase. Decision-Making through Analysis Through the use of Cost Benefit Analysis, the City of Sanford City Management and board of county commissioners addressed the costs and benefits to the project at a time when the economy was starting to take a downturn. It was therefore critical to evaluate the project thoroughly and determine the feasibility of the costs to the city budget. Though cost benefit analysis probably could be best used in making quick and simple financial decisions (Mind Tools, 2012), one certainly can take away from this process the brainstorming involved in the initial decision making. Surely the city managers involved in the development of the city of Sanford Riverwalk Project addressed the needs of the community prior to development of the project. In fact, knowing the city’s history is critical in understanding the Department of Parks and Recreations focus on implementing such a plan. The City of Sanford’s focus on economic growth and the revitalization of the historic riverfront for which it is best known for is just one example of its efforts. Sanford’s focus on community development is clearly shown in its commitment to leisure activities designed to enhanced city resident’s quality of life. Although the city is known for its charming and traditional 19th century downtown area, it is also becoming more available to adjoining communities through its vibrant and fast paced interstate corridor. This corridor is best known to travelers from out of town by way of the Orlando Sanford International Airport as well as through the surrounding interstate (Metro Orlando Economic Development Commission, 2009). It is clear that city managers focused on the development of the city in implementing the projects that would not only enhance the quality of life of residents, but also with the economic activity would also help improve the city through recognition by also providing advantages. In this case the benefits of implementing the city projects far outweighed the cost, and showed to be feasible enough to implement through use of federal grants such as the Community Development Block Grants and through partnerships with County Government in providing effective packages for such projects as these. The Role of Economic Theory Economic theory is an essential part in economic research, and even more so when discussing the development of city projects. The idea that the implementation of policies in budgetary issues would improve people’s lives is attractive to budget administrators and city administrators alike (Varian, 1989). In fact, it is most useful for evaluating the answers to common problems faced by local organizations. The determining factor is based on the approach taken to evaluate the effectiveness of the project. The use of Cost Benefit Analysis in City Projects , such as the Sanford Riverwalk, provides strategic analysis and planning of the recreational incentives for city residents. The city is based around surrounding popular cities known for their parks and recreation. The City of Altamonte Springs, Daytona Beach, and the City of Orlando are known for their state parks and touristic areas. Because the development of such a project would contribute to a competitive market and enhance the face value of the city, it is part of the overall analysis of the research conducted on this particular project. Influence of Economic Theory Economic theory was certainly influential in cost benefit analysis of this project. After all, in considering the allocation of resources and funds to be contributed to this particular project it is important to consider how the implementation of policies and use of budgetary items contribute to the enhancement of daily living. In addressing economic developments for the city it is critical to permit processes of analysis and improvements that provide a service to the development of the community and provide the ability to meet the Department representatives to discuss site specific development issues (City of Sanford Government, 2011). Reports generated over the years confirm the economic impact generated in the city in this past year to reflect over $15 million (City of Sanford Government, 2011), thus another example of the economic influence to the city’s development of said project. In the long run, the use of cost benefit analysis in development of community projects is a relatively easy tool that can be used to decide if a change is necessary in the community. Consideration of economic theory and the influence of that theory on the analysis of project development is essential in determining if the project will be effective and feasible for the local government. References City of Sanford Government. (2011). City Manager’s 2012 Annual Report . Sanford: City of Sanford. Metro Orlando Economic Development Commission. (2009). Sanford Stats. Orlando : Metro Orlando Economic Development Commission. Mind Tools. (2012, December 10). Retrieved from Mind Tools: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_08.htm Varian, H. R. (1989). What use is Economic Theory? University of California at Berkeley.

Prejudice in to Kil a Mocking Bird

Prejudice is shown in many ways in To Kill a Mocking Bird. From social prejudice against the Cunninghams to racial prejudice against Tom Robinson, the book has displayed many aspects of how people can look through the window and see things completely differently than the person beside them. A form of social prejudice is when Aunt Alexandra forbid Scout to play with Walter Cunningham, a poor boy whom Scout attends school with. This is because Aunt Alexandra sees Walter and his family as poor and beneath the Finches, in her words,† †¦ they're good folks.But they're not our kind of folks. †Ã‚   This shows that to the Maycomb citizens, social status is an extremely important issue. Also, in Tom Robinson’s case, Aunt Alexandra also advices Atticus not to take up the case, as it would cause the people of Maycomb to look down on them or gossip about them. Hence this shows that people in Maycomb like Aunt Alexandra are extremely conscious about where they stand in the society. Maycomb is a very religious town with the foot-washing Baptists appearing to have a strong influence on the community.The foot-washers have very strict views and believe that anything which is pleasurable is a sin. They are therefore prejudiced against a great deal of people who are different from them with different opinions. An example of their prejudice is when Miss Maudie says, â€Å"some of ‘em came out of the woods one Saturday and passed by this place and told me and my flowers we were going to hell†. Their belief is so extreme that they feel they should threaten those who enjoy life. Another example of religious prejudice is the isolation of the Radleys.This isolation is due to the Radley family not attending church which is Maycomb’s â€Å" principal recreation †The Radleys suffer religious prejudice because they keep themselves to themselves, apart from everyone else. This action is considered a disapproval by the people of Maycomb. Als o, Mrs Radley hardly ever â€Å" crossed the street for a mid-morning coffee break with her neighbours †, this is also deemed unfriendly and unforgivable by the people of Maycomb hence the isolated of the Radleys.A form of racial prejudice can be seen from the trial of Tom Robinson. Tom Robinson is a black man who was found guilty of a rape he didn't commit. The racial prejudice nature of Maycomb is clearly portrayed through such instances as the fact that Atticus is accused by the town of being a â€Å"nigger lover† for defending Tom’s case and also through the mob scene outside the jail. The fact that a white man would stand up for a black man in that town got them very upset. â€Å"Yeah, but Atticus aims to defend him. That's what I don't like about it†.The people are also not pleased that Atticus tried his best to defend Tom Robinson It is in the Tom Robinson trial that the greatest example of injustice because of prejudice is seen. The townspeople di d not care whether Tom was innocent or guilty because of his color and never even gave him a chance because he was black. Although Atticus actually manages to prove the innocence of Tom Robinson, the white jury still refuses to declare the innocence of a black man over a white resulting in the most blatant testimony to the fact that the town of Maycomb held racial discrimination above justice.Through its decision the town essentially kills a mockingbird. Tom Robinson was a man who did no harm to others but instead actually helped others out of kindness – a mockingbird who becomes victim to a racist society. Another form of racial prejudice is how inhumane the white are towards the black. The townspeople viewed this case as a carnival. â€Å"It was a gala occasion. There was no room at the public hitching trail for another animal, mules and wagons were parked under every available tree.The courthouse square was covered with picnic parties sitting on newspapers, washing down b iscuit and syrup with warm milk from fruit jars†. This was more like entertainment for the townspeople. This was fun for them, talking with friends, having lunch, and joking. They were there only to watch the trial like as if they were watching a show, they were only curious about the verdict of Tom Robinson’s case and were not concern about his predicament. This shows the prejudice in the white that caused them to be extremely cruel.

Analysis Chaos in Jurassic Park Essay Example for Free

Analysis Chaos in Jurassic Park Essay Jurassic Park: Absurd Chaos The main story of Jurassic Park written by Michael Crichton is about genetically cloned dinosaurs who break loose. Confusion and complete disorder occurs throughout the story of Jurassic Park. In the story, the theme of chaos is unpredictably built in the human’s lives. Dr. Ian Malcolm predicts that having dinosaurs in Isa Nubla will cause disaster. If the animals are released to the island, they will be a liability because they will disrespect nature. Malcolm is the most famous mathematician who predicts chaos countless of times in the park. The reeding of dinosaurs are the main cause that create chaos and destructs Jurassic Park. Malcolm foresees that the creation of dinosaurs is not a smart idea, for it can cause unpredicted behavior. Malcolm is a scientist who is outgoing, egoistic and has the knowledge to create new ideas. Malcolm states that it is ‘†an attempt to recreate a natural environment from the past† (Crichton 92). Dinosaurs are known to be as an ancient species that only existed long ago. Having the idea creating dinosaurs in Jurassic Park is bizarre to humans. Nature is the biggest problem Jurassic Park has at becoming successful. Having the idea of using the dinosaurs as the park entertainment on an island is Just sounds like a major trap under no circumstance. Malcolm’s calculation has gradually built up the story more precise. As stated by Dr. Malcolm in the book, he said â€Å"Life will find a way†(139). He meant that the dinosaurs will find a way to live the way they want. This is something that scientists didn’t think about when they brought dinosaurs back to life. The scientists didn’t think about the way that nature would want to live and decided that they could control it. Dr. Malcolm uses the chaos theory to predict the collapse of the park. In the beginning of the book Malcolm is introduced to the story. One of the first things Dr. Malcolm talks about is the chaos theory. In the first conversation with him in the book Malcolm said, â€Å"Theory tells me that the island will quickly proceed to behave in unpredictable fashion†(76). What Malcolm means by this is that without even visiting the park he can say that it will fail. Dr. Malcolm is a problem in the story because convinces other people that Jurassic Park is a bad idea. Dinosaurs represent unnatural habitats to the current society. However Hammond, a billionaire developer, decides to breed dinosaurs in the park. Dr. Hammond’s main conceptual idea is to earn a lot of money from the rich tourists so he can build more Jurassic Parks in other countries. He is self centered, greedy and stubborn who is unaware that dinosaurs can ultimately cause destruction. Crichton writes, miou know what’s wrong with scientific power? It’s a form of inherited wealth. And you know what assholes congenitally rich people are† (122). This shows that Hammond’s objective is to gain wealth and not for the sake of saving the environment. He is blind to the fact that recreating dinosaurs will only bring negativity to the current world. Creating more dinosaurs will undoubtedly ring chaos to the park. The cloning of dinosaurs starts from John Hammond. Hammond hired scientists and doctors to make his creation come true. In particular, a scientist named Dr. Wu, a young graduate and whom Hammond hires is beginning work. Dr. Wu’s objective is to control the number is reproduce dinosaurs in the park. By doing so, he thought that putting genetically mortified frog DNA into the missing DNA in dinosaurs will stop dinosaurs reproduction, but in reality, doing this enables the dinosaur’s DNA to switch genders and have the ability to reproduce. Furthermore, Crichton writes, â€Å"All major changes are like death. You can’t see to the other side until you are there. † (167). After he changed the DNA, the dinosaurs kept reproducing and Dr. Wu and his team had no control over the number of reproduced dinosaurs. Malcolm mentions, â€Å"All major changes are like death. You can’t see to the other side until you are there. â€Å"(175). This is where chaos and unnatural catastrophe begins in Jurassic Park. Before the grand opening of the Jurassic Park, Malcolm anticipates that having unnatural species is a tragic demise to Jurassic Park, known as the â€Å"Malcolm Effect†. The â€Å"Malcolm Effect† theory is when the â€Å"island will quickly roceed to behave in unpredictable fashion†¦ There is a problem with that island. It is an accident waiting to happen. ‘† (84). Overtime Malcolm’s prediction begins appear later on in the story. The author writes, â€Å"Living systems are never in equilibrium. They are inherently unstable. They may seem stable, but theyre not. Everything is moving and changing. In a sense, everything is on the edge of collapse â€Å"(164). Drastic changes occur when the dinosaurs begin to reproduce and when Malcolm and Hammond engage in an argument. Hammond is relieved that the animals did not get free and overrun the world. Malcolm says that the world cannot be demolished by human’s creation. Due to the major problem of dinosaurs breeding, dinosaurs are eager to break loose from the Jurassic Park and begin to overpopulate the island In Malcolm’s calculation it says, â€Å"Life breaks free. Life expands to new territories†(160). Malcolm thinks Jurassic Park has ‘inherent instability’ or that it is impossible to control even when the analysis is carried out using computer models. The story considers dinosaurs as the most interesting creatures that anyone has ever witnessed. For example, t-rexs, tyrannasaurs, velocipators and triceratops are the ypes of dinosaurs that are chaotic because they use techniques to kill their prey. The way they use the skills to kill the humans were unique because velociraptor works as a communicative group. Many Raptors may have hunted in packs, often ranging in large numberings. They have a primitive level of vocalization, which enables them to direct attacks and call for help. They are also able to set traps. All the dinosaurs have a right skill sets that can cause chaos. Stubborn scientist, dinosaurs breeding cause chaos. Problems add up and there is not anything that will stop it. Dr. Malcom, Dennis Nedry and the way of nature all caused things to go wrong. There is not any way to control nature. As Ian Malcolm incorporated chaos theory into his calculations, all of these events were predicted in one way or another. The count of animals was much higher than expected due to reproducing. Animals are able to escape due to the fences when being powered off by Denis Nedry. Systems began to fail and caused substantial problems throughout the book. Ian Malcolm had it right, â€Å"Chaos theory proves that unpredictability is built into our daily lives. â€Å"(313). There is not any way to control nature. No one can stop chaos once it begins. Analysis Chaos in Jurassic Park. (2018, Nov 05).

International Management of Starbucks Case Study

International Management of Starbucks - Case Study Example Accommodating fast growth also meant putting in systems to recruit, hire, and train baristas and store managers. (Student Resources:2005) Starbucks' is simply looking for passionate people who love coffee, diverse workforce which reflects their community and who enjoys what they're doing and for whom work is an extension of themselves. 16 Some 80 percent of Starbucks employees were white, 85 percent had some education beyond high school, and the average age was 26. All positions are filled internally about 60-70%. Automated staffing services between hiring managers and staffing teams and Starbucks has a user friendly field sourcing and selection tools in place. Internal movement processes and systems in place and broadly understood. (Student Resources:2005) Campus recruiting are also in place for all major areas of the company and also place intern programs to early identify future talent. Management also relocates benchmarked at or below industry averages. Moreover, cutting edge technology and processes employed for candidate pre-screening because of well defined department metric in place and continually improving. The Starbucks Corporation does not allocate money to its stores for hiring janitors. Every aspect of the cleaning process in Starbucks stores is carried out by the baristas. (Student Resources:2005) The same people who make the drinks are scrubbing the bathroom floors. The baristas of each store work in different shifts throughout the day, usually divided two ones, morning and afternoon, or three morning, afternoon and evening. Each shift is consisted of usually of three or four baristas, the number may change, depending on customer flow of the specific store, who share different duties throughout the shift. Usually, a store is internally divided between floor, where the baristas work and serve customers and the back, usually referred to the storage room, bathrooms. Unless very small, the store usually also has a caf section, where the customers can sit down with their coffee. Starbucks during Global Expansion The global expansion of Starbucks was not an overnight success especially in Asia. There have been numerous challenges that Starbucks have to encounter in penetrating the Asian Market (Culpan, 2002). For example in China and Japan, they had a difficulty in creating a coffee market niche because of the prevailing tea market in China and Japan for over 50 years and yet Starbucks have to create Chinese and Japanese Starbucks to suit the taste of the coffee market in these countries . Starbucks also have to worry of the national based coffee shops in the Asian countries, such as Japan based- Manave Coffee, Taiwan based Dante coffee, Mocha Blends in the Philippines and even Mc Caf of McDonalds. Another difficulty that Starbucks faced during their expansion is that opening a coffee in a country needs different strategic orientations, organizational structures and management process because it does not mean that Starbucks in the United States since it's the father branch, it reflects the same characteristics as the other countries. At the same time, Starbucks also has to evolve its principles from being an international company into a transnational company because they have to undergo a lot of changes in the global business environment (Culpan, 2002).

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Final - Essay Example This would apply to short term investments that are made in the nation as well. It would be advisable in such a scenario to hire local labor. 3. 1. Mr. Likesdrawing’s argument would not hold up in court owing to the fact that there may be little change in the original that he has created. The intent of the newly created work would not be significantly different from the original, as a result of which he would have to pay Mrs. Photolover money for a settlement. 2. The cartel would be involved in illegal activities owing to their efforts at reducing competition. The shared intent of creating artificial changes in the market (demand and supply) means that they are in violation of competition laws, thereby passing on the burden to consumers. The producers would need to follow fair practices and allow the market to set its own prices. 1. Apple’s push towards acquiring a large market share in offering music streaming services would run up against laws of the European Union that stand against large companies using their clout to intimidate smaller ones. The laws against Abuse of Dominance (Article 102) would be useful in the sustenance of smaller companies like Spotify. Several cases such as the one against Russian gas supplier Gazprom could be a blueprint for understanding such issues (Bell and Madej

The Various Aspects of Contract and Tort Law Essay - 11

The Various Aspects of Contract and Tort Law - Essay Example This research will begin with the essential elements for the formation of the contract in the UK and â€Å"invitation to treat†. Some common elements that are included in the formation of contract signify various features incorporated in a contract and its legal clauses. The valid contract that needs to be developed in case of the corporate sector should first focus on the situation for which the contract is being made. Although the basic elements of the contract remain same in most of the cases, the nature and duty of the contract change on the basis of the requirements. Some of the common elements required for formation of a basic contract have been evaluated below. Offer: Offer is the first and one of the two primary elements of a contract. Offer is formed on the basis of a consideration which enables the parties to the contract to develop a proposal. The offer must have clarity regarding the consideration involved and should have a specific timeframe for its acceptance. Th e advertisement of James for selling the printing press for  £50000 is an open offer. The offer for selling office computer Ann was also an offer. Acceptance: Acceptance is the second primary element of a contract and is done in response to the offer. The acceptance is based on the consideration provided by the offeree. The acceptance is also limited by the time frame and should be clearly mentioned. The reply on the part of Jenny in regard to the offer of James shows the acceptance of an offer. However, as Jenny had stated in new terms in her acceptance it can also be treated as a counteroffer. The counteroffer was made when Jenny offered an amount of  £40000 which nullified the previous offer. However, silence on the part of Jenny cannot be considered as acceptance.

Internet and social media marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internet and social media marketing - Essay Example The researcher states that Line is one of the Chat Apps that is increasing becoming a popular method for the celebrities to reach out to their fans. The fans are also looking to use the same method as there is a difference between the interaction on the social media platforms and on the Chat Apps. The personal connection and response to the different questions with the celebrities that are instant make the features of the Apps more favorable. Korean Lee Min should, therefore, ensure that he engages the fans through Line by creating a profile and a persona that is attractive to the fans. One of the main aspects that he should assess is the direction and the people that he wants to reach out to and connect with while on the show. This will ensure that the celeb is able to choose the method that he should use in the show. This can be the video advertisement or other methods that are within Line as an engaging application. He should also assess his strengths and weaknesses. Â  It is imp ortant to understand the different dynamics that will ensure that one gets through to the people and look for the factors that make one popular thereby ensuring that one reaches out to the people through the same attributes or advertising these attributes. Using these platforms to reach out to the fans is also similar to advertising products in the market where on has to give the best qualities of the product depending on the target market. Learning from the different aspects of the method from the past experiences with the same platform or other internet based methods is also important.

Third Party Conflict Resolution Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Third Party Conflict Resolution Paper - Essay Example Nevertheless, there are always chance of failure of all of those. Thus a contingency plan is required at all time if the fundamental strategy is rejected. Conflict resolution is the skill needed to solve a problem related to conflict. The concept of conflict resolution tends to convert conflict into creative conflict within teamwork that helps in approaching conflict management. This becomes operational once the members of a team are made to understand that the other party also possess a standpoint and it is helpful to listen to the other party and understand the thought process. Once this is clarified, the main aspects of conflict seize to exist and creative conflict arises out of general conflict. It should be mentioned that the chief reason behind conflict problem is mistrust. This mistrust arises from the parameters of low knowledge about the other individual. If it was possible to intermingle among all the individuals, it is certain the aspect of conflict would be completely abolished. This is a favorable undertaking to play down the possible tension among different working groups. It is almost like a plan to implement conflict management techniques where conflict tends to disappear as soon as an individual understands the position of the other and starts respectin

Occupy Wall Street Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Occupy Wall Street Movement - Research Paper Example The movement is stimulated by the recent successful uprisings in Egypt, Tunisia and Syria. Their goal is to confront the status quo in the government and the wealthy people who control most of the world’s resources. Their dominance creates an iniquitous global economy that disfavors the majority who are unable to compete effectively within the capitalist system. They aim at confronting greed, corruption and dominance by the business elites and politicians and creating accommodative redress to all persons (Vag, 2011). â€Å"Moral and economic implications involved in the movement† The OWS believe that a minority 1% of the world’s population controls the majority of meaningful resources. Their slogan, â€Å"we are the 99%† is based on socio-economic statistics for the year 2011. They argue that the 99% in the society is left to survive on very little that compromises their sustainable living. This movement shuns such dominance. They assert that it is instiga ted by insatiability, egotism and corruption. They petition authorities and decision makers to review their policies and redress these economic disparities between the 99% and the 1% (Vag, 2011). The OWS movement is fundamentally an awakening caveat to the people that concentrate the world’s wealth, power and control in their hands at the loss of the society. The movement appeals to the moral reasoning behind utilitarianism. Majority of the world lives in unemployment, poverty and homelessness while another group enjoys luxury, space, wealth and power (Vag, 2011). Therefore, a majority group has a bleak future with an diminishing ability to determine their destiny. The historical and economic implications to these inequalities have resulted to perceived economic injustices. The OWS aims at prompting the decision makers to review these principals consciously and address livelihood variability’s among populations. â€Å"The implications identified against the utilitaria n, Kantian and virtue ethics to apply which theory best applies to the movement position†. The OWS aimed at confronting the corporate dominance in democracy and lack of legal actions to the perpetrators of the global economic crises. The utilitarian principle asserts that the ultimate socio-political and socio-economic achieves collective economic success. This system is not informed by moral merit and virtue. Nonetheless, it is expected to achieve the expected consequences of addressing socio-economic inequalities (White, 2006). The OWS bargains against these grounds to identify a cohesive ground for addressing social inequalities. The Kantian theory emphasizes on equality among all persons. It is perceived as a viable option to utilitarianism (White, 2006). Utilitarian theory overlooks the moral significance of moral virtues that inform minority issues and human rights. The utilitarian principles do not accord intrinsic values to human beings. The goal is to capitalize on in dividual rather than society benefits. The Kant theory concentrates on the most applicable channel to address issues. The theory that best compliments the OWS is the Kantian movement (Vag, 2011). The OWS is specifically is specifically interested in collective benefits and embodies a distinct shift in ethical dimensions. â€Å"Who is responsible for income inequality and wealth distribution in the US, Explain Rationale?†

God In You Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

God In You - Essay Example Dreams illuminate our lives; however, the peaks are higher than the imagination. Jeremiah feels a great joy to participate in God’s work in the hearts and lives of people. God keeps his servants humble and saves them from temptation and self-centeredness. The devotion should be continuous and constant. The commitment is for life; and our dreams should be greater than our memories. When disciples worry about the future and ask to see the Father, Jesus answers that the Father dwells in Him and He is acting on his behalf. Jesus told his disciples that all his words, the miracles he accomplished and all deeds are God’s actions, not His. Jesus Explains that his presence is not necessary, God’s work will continue and that they may even have greater accomplishment than Him. He urges them to look in the future and not look back. Even though Jesus’ hint that his disciples can do greater work may be blasphemous, he invokes their beliefs and faith. In fact, the promi se of doing greater work is linked to the coming of the Holy Spirit. However, Jesus had to leave for the Holy Spirit to come, which he clearly explained to his disciples. Therefore Jesus’ crucifixion, then ascension, was followed by the pouring of the Holy Spirit that becomes the third part of the Trinity. Then Peter, filled with the Holy Spirit, said to them, â€Å"Rulers of the people and elders of Israel: If we this day are judged for a good deed done to a helpless man, by what means he has been made well, let it be known to you all, and to all the people of Israel, that by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom you crucified, whom God raised from the dead, by Him this man stands here before you whole† (NKJV, Acts 4: 8-10). Jesus advocates the importance of the spiritual over the material and the eternal over the temporal. â€Å"Then Jesus, being filled with the

Impressionism and revolution Essay Example for Free

Impressionism and revolution Essay Impressionism was started in 1860. It flourished for 3 decades. It mainly took place in Paris, France. In fact, Impressionism was against neo-classicism, which was too concentrated on academic exhibition. Impressionism was also against Romanticism. â€Å"By the second half of the eighteenth century the advancement of the individual was taking another important step forward, in that cluster of activities in art and literature generally known as Romanticism. It is emotions and feelings†. Impressionism is different than Romanticism, although romanticism also liked to use color; they focused deeply in interior feeling. Impressionism mainly focused on the light, subject matter, with broad brush stroke. People wanted a treatment of subject matter, a new approach, and commitment to the Realism. During the Impressionism Movement, twenty more color pigments were invented to provide a better chance for the artistic revolution, â€Å"After science and industrial development, people started to focus the scenario around them. More than twenty intense yellow, green, blue, red, and orange pigments were invented between 1800 and 1870. † The impressionists had more resources to express their theme and the styles through the art work. The color invention let painters to draw the paints much quicker. As a result, it brought out a new dynamic revolution, people believed in what their eyes saw, they focused on the color and form in the painting. During that time, people loved painting with Parisian scenes. Most of them were painting on the living scene of the streets. Industrial and Urbanization Revolution Impressionists depicted a lot of social scenes during the French Industrial and Urbanization revolution. â€Å"All the developments inherent in Modernism such as increasing secularism, scientific advances, new and more efficient modes of transportation and the rise of both socialism and the middle class, were factors in the changes that led to Impressionism. † From the Claude Monet’s, Saint-Lazare, Train Station, 1877 the train was actually what Monet saw, not just his imagination. The paint was full of energetic feelings from those volatile steams and smoke. Monet was excited about the color he saw at the moment. As a result, he used quick sketches in the paint. The paint showed the very early morning of the Paris Station at a time when people had already started working. The trains had a motion that were coming toward the audience. Industrial revolution was one of the biggest social impacts in the 1860. Monet was the pioneer to Impressionism into Revolution, â€Å"One certain thing about Impressionism is that it was not the sudden whim of a group of artists working in late-nineteenth-century in France, driven purely by a desire to create a revolution in painting. It was an essential part of the unfolding history of western civilization. † Monet was concerned about the effect of light in the painting. By showing the magic of the color combination, we can realize how Monet’s interest in science is visible through his drawing. He liked to have quick sketch in the paint. While he would repaint the paint again with the same angle over and over again at different time, so that the contrast of light movement could be more obvious. Impressionists also showed the urbanization revolution in France. In fact, the government had a large reconstruction in the streets and electricity systems starting 1860. In their paintings Gustavo Caillebotte, Paris: A Rainy Day, 1877 and Camille Pissarro, La Place du Theatre Francais, 1898 they provided a new dramatic city outlook for Paris. Many painters chose Paris streets to start their paintings, for example, there had so many people walking in and out of the streets. It really showed the urbanization city of Paris. â€Å"Interested in making an imperial statement through his redesign of Paris and in facilitating the movement of troops in the event of another revolution† (871). In fact, this is called â€Å"Haussmannization†. As Haussmann, the emperor of France, decided to rebuild all of Paris at that time period. The Impressionists depicted so many real Industrial and Urbanization to show the revolution in France during the Revolution period. The Industrial Revolution, which had made these technical advances possible, transformed Europe in the nineteenth century and influenced the lives and work of the Impressionists in a wide variety of ways. Railways started to proliferate mainly during the reign of Napoleon III. The growth of the railways enabled the Impressionists to visit easily and frequently those places which became closely associated with them. Monet travel around the earth. The development of gas and lightning gave Impressionists a new freedom. Thanks to the development of railroads, Monet, Sisley, Renoir and Pissarro had a chance and were living together and working together in the resorts. â€Å"The political world the first great assertion of this attitude, the French revolution, was followed by the rule of Napoleon, more autocratic and in art, the growth of feeling and sensibility apparent in the work of painters such as†¦Ã¢â‚¬  imposition of a hierarchy of subject- matter, and its general authoritarism. Shifting Social and Class of People Because of the industrial revolution, people earned a better income which led to the shift in social and economic class of people. From Georges Seurat, A Sunday on la Grande Jatte, 1884-1886. â€Å"Impressionist painters wanted to capture the rapidly changing modern world and the fleeting moods of nature. Impressionism relied on optical blending to depict the fluctuations of light and consisted largely of views of everyday middle-class life in the city and countryside of France† Seurat realized the shifting social and class relationships during the impressionism period. From his paint, on the left corner, a short sleeves worker was sitting with the middle class man and woman together. It illustrated that the social and class gap was shorten already. All Parisians from different classes gathered together. By drawing this picture, it showed a real situation in history. As France opened its import and export market to other countries in Europe, even in Japan, people can make more money. Seurat is using an analytical approach to draw this painting by using good relationship between color and line. Seurat was also avant-garde in the techniques that he used. He came up with the idea of pointillism, the using of dots to create a whole picture, and used it in all of his paintings. It fascinated the viewers of the time as it still does today. He loved pure colors and never mixed them. Instead, he would use many different color dots close together to form a different color. He was famous for using the paint straight from the tube. Monet’s brush strokes also classified him as avant-garde. His layering of oils are thick and sometimes muddled when view up close, but when the viewer stands back they are actually more unified. New Techniques in Painting by the Impressionist While pointillism and brush strokes were new innovations in painting, there were other new techniques and inventions as well. First, there were paint extenders. Something that would make the paint thicker was definitely needed. Additives to thicken the paint were used for the first time by adding stabilizers. Barium sulphate was the most common stabilizer to be used and it increased the life of the paintings. Impressionist turned their backs on the old themes of religion, mythology, and historical events as their inspiration for their paintings. Instead, they chose real scenes in nature, still life, and portraits. It was the artistic period known as Realism, and the art must match the new thoughts in literature and music. The Industrial Revolution, the French Revolution, and the American Civil War were just a few of the reasons that people of that time wanted to focus on things that were real. They had enough of the magical and mythical subjects offered by Romanticism. So the painters of the Impressionistic Period gave them what they wanted. There paintings weren’t just about a subject, but they told a story. Most Impressionist painters chose to move their studios outside in the natural surroundings which would become the subjects of their paintings. They wanted to be in direct contact with the subjects that they would immortalize in their art. Some wanted to be in fields, mountains, along or on water, while some moved right onto the busy streets of the city to catch everyday life as it really is. When the weather was uncooperative, painters like Monet and Renoir, and many others used glass to their advantage. In many instances their inside studios looked like glass rooms. Light was also a focus of the Impressionistic painters. They went to great lengths to ensure that they displayed the lighting at different times of day correctly. In fact they were many times more interested in the light than they were the actual subject. This led to many artist painting several different pictures of the same scene in nature. They wanted to make sure that it was captured perfectly at different times of the day, different weather, and different seasons. Another color technique used by the Impressionist painters was the use of the primary colors, blue, yellow and red, and they used them with the complementary colors of orange, green and purple. When used together, not blending, but along side of each other, they colors were created were numerous. When viewed at a distance, these colors blended perfectly, but when the viewer was close, the differences could be seen. This was a radical way to paint from the Romantics and their predecessors. Conclusion Impressionism was the first real break from traditions in the world of art. It introduced many new artists and each added his/her own variations to the art form. In fact, there were so many different types of Impressionism that is quite difficult to give a blanket definition of the art. One thing that they all had in common was that they were different from the artists of the past and they would influence artists of the future. They would directly influence the Modernist artist and those who were interested in Cubism. From their brush strokes to their fascination of light, the Impressionists were innovative. They allowed viewers of their art to look at paintings from a completely different point of view. Gone were the old days, and the new, realistic subjects were on the scene. While considered extreme at the time, most people came around in a short amount of time. Impressionistic paintings are now seen as art in its purest form. These innovative artists gave the world many new techniques that are still used around the world, not just in Europe, where Impressionism began. The use of color and their thoughts on color were unique, but made sense when the final product was done. Impressionism is the form of art that most people are familiar with. Who hasn’t heard of Monet, Renoir, or Seurat? It is amazing how an art form that was so different could go down in history as of the most admired.

The First Driving-Lesson Day Essay Example for Free

The First Driving-Lesson Day Essay The Cost of Carelessness Driving a genuine car was my initial dream when I was a young child because I really love speed and sports car. Eventually, with a lot of efforts, my dream comes true and the day I got my driver license was one of the happiest days in my life. Hence, I can drive a car and go to everywhere I want, but it also reminds me of the first day I sat behind the wheel. That day was a cool, breezy Sunday with a mild temperature on the morning of February 20, 2011. It was the first exciting driving-lesson I ever took and little did I know, it was about to teach me a practical lesson I will never forget. A week before that day, my mom registered for me a six-driving-lesson package at Pleasant School, a moto school near my house in Chelsea, MA. The first driving-lesson day would be taught next week so I was absolutely excited about what would happen to me in that day. My mind was really possessed with a lot of thoughts about that day and I couldn’t wait to see it coming true. Finally, the day which I dreamed of was about to come. At 7am, I woke up with a happy mood and an eager attitude, and then I had a delicious breakfast with a big bowl of cereals and milk. After that, I changed my clothes and went outside my house to wait for my teacher’s car coming. In front of my house, there is a one-way street with its width that can barely let one car pass another one, and there weren’t a lot of cars rolling on the street at that moment. From outside, I could see that today was really a beautiful day with the vivid sun, the wide-and-high cloudless sky; the breezy wind and the fresh air. That was a good omen for the start of something new. I loosened my whole body, let my mind stay empty, closed my eyes and took a deep breath to enjoy that never-forgotten moment. Finally, my teacher arrived at my house with a black, 2008 model Toyota. I felt really relieved and delighted, and I ran quickly to him with a big smile on my face while he opened the car-door. He was an African-American man in sport clothes with a pair of glasses. He gave me a warm smile and seemed to be a good, patient, experienced instructor because he asked me gently about my information and smiled all the time he talked with me. After that, John, my teacher, told me to get in the car and sit on the driver’s seat position while he sat on my right seat for passenger. I felt absolutely comfortable with the cool air-conditioned system and the soft seat in that car. By seeing my satisfied appearance, John looked at me and asked with a friendly smile, â€Å"Are you ready? † â€Å"Yes, I hope so. I’m actually excited about this moment but I still feel a little nervous and worried about what I’m going to do next,† I answered. â€Å"Well, that’s just a normal feeling because it’s your first time. All you need to do is try your best, stay focused and practice as much as you can. Everything will be fine,† he said. â€Å"Oh, I will, thank you,† I looked at him and said. After that brief and open conversation, John began to teach me about the steering wheel, gearshift, accelerator, clutch, brake, mirror, light signal, etc, and how they work. Then, on the street outside my house, he taught me how to adjust my seat, how to start or stop the car, how to use hand signal, how to check the mirror and the blind spot, how to look over behind my shoulder to check the traffic, how to turn left and right, how to pull over on the right side of the street, etc. He talked slowly to me with a gentle voice. After the verbal instruction, he told me it was time for me to take action about what I just learned. By hearing that, I felt extremely happy because my driving-a-car dream was about to come true, so I couldn’t hold that moment back. Without hesitating, I started the engine; signal left; change the gearshift from P-Park into D-Drive and I did all the preparation before driving a car that was taught by my instructor, except one important step that can cost me my whole life: carefully look over behind your left-shoulder to check the upcoming traffic. Then, without a careful thought, I turned the wheel to the left, directed the head of my car to the traffic lane and try to merge into it. I didn’t see a coming car behind me at a distance of 20 feet. The coming car got to my car closer and closer, and I didn’t realize how terrible it was going to be. But John could foresee what would happen to me next because he kept his eyes carefully to whatever I had done. So he pedaled quickly into the second brake beneath his seat to make the car stop immediately. The coming car just passed my car in a very small space; it seemed like nearly hit the head of my car. By observing what just happened to me, it took my breath away for a while. My whole body was totally and completely frozen, I couldn’t say or do anything else but shivering from head to toe. My face was becoming pale with fear and a lot of goose-pimples rose on my skin. I couldn’t believe that I just got out of an accident which would have hurt me or somebody else badly. After a couple of minutes, I still felt panic about that moment. I tried to take a deep breath and turned my head to my teacher and said, â€Å"I’m so sorry. Thanks for helping me out and saving me. † â€Å"That’s my pleasure and it’s also a lesson for you: You should think carefully and stay focused on what you’re going to do, don’t ever hurry because you always have time to do it,† he said with a beautiful voice just like my father did when he tried to teach me how to ride a bike twelve years ago. â€Å"I appreciate that and I will concentrate more on what I’m doing. Thank you again. Later then, I tried my best to listen to John and to practice what I had learnt from him. And the results not only made him happy but also help me get over that horrible moment. I did all the practices successfully and we had a happy, comfortable time after the incident. Finally, my one-hour driving lesson came to an end and John took me home with a big smile on his face. He seemed so happy right because he kn ew that he did a good job. And to me, I had learned a useful lesson for both my driving skills and my normal life. In conclusion, I never think I can learn a vital lesson from my driving lesson but now I completely change my mind and the way I approach things. So after the first driving-lesson day, I actually grow up my mind with one more experience added to my life to help me pay attention to what I’m doing and what I’m going to do next, and the final purpose is to make me become a good man with better personality. Needless to mention, at the bottom of my heart, I’m really grateful to my driving teacher for what he had taught me that day.

The Violence In Movies

The Violence In Movies Do violent movies cause people to be violent? Violence is a very delicate topic and it raises the attention of producers, because they are affecting lives around the world, the movie producers see this as an opportunity to bump up their ratings by making violence more popular. Aiming to keep profits high, they target young adults through advertisements and keeping them informed with previews about what movies are coming up next. Research has shown different aspects of violence in creation by media sources, news, publishers, and even books written specifically based on the effects of violent behavior in movies affecting peoples lives. There are diverse ways in which to consider the rating for violent movies, and different laws are passed in every country regarding the age that people are able to watch a specific violent movie. At a young age children are more vulnerable to practicing what is filmed on the big screen. Arguments are seen in the public eye, as a way to stop the creation of violent movies and create or recreate stories which are suitable for the public eye to view without endangering their way of living in a normal society. This subject also answers to what is the cause for gun violence, drugs, gangs, attempted murders, and a large variety of vicious attacks in society. It is known that the mind acts as a triggering device which takes actions based on what images or information it has received. Negative information or images are processed through and give out a harmful response to the collector or to the people around him. Harmful, downbeat or depressing movies can change a characters view on things or can change their personality. It might bring back depressing moments in someones living or make them feel insecure about things in life, making them choose wrong options, doing drugs, mistreating their family, breaking laws etc. These are some examples of how people react to a violent movie, by identifying the argument based on reality. FACTS On Children and Teenagers. According to research that is dated not only in present, but also in long passed years, violent movies tend to affect mostly children and young adults. Watching violent movies does not only affect the youngsters behavior and tendencies to violence, but it also causes lower grades in classrooms. In the article Adolescents who watch violent films get poorer grades in the classroom written by Richard Gray Science Correspondent for Telegraph.co.uk, Dr. James Sargent, a pediatrician at Dartmouth Medical Center and the scientist who led an investigation concerning effects of violent movies on children, says: These are young adolescents who really should not be watching this type of adult material. Watching a lot of violent material seems to crank up their rebelliousness. Violent movies disrupt sleep and leave children not so eager for hard work and concentration in classrooms, which automatically leads to a considerable drop in grades and accumulation and assimil ation of knowledge. The same research also proved that students with excellent scholastic results dropped from 50% to 25% in grades. Other studies, though few of them, have compared various types of TV violence in United States, Japan, and Spain. Japanese television illustrates fewer physical of fatal injuries that the U.S. or Spain. Another study has shown that increasing violent expression of teenagers is directly linked to the violence on TV and movies in other countries. A child who is exposed to raging shows at ages 6 or 8 predicted aggression 2 years later among many boys and girls in the United States, Finland, Poland, and Israel. A new question rises: Why and how do children have access to headstrong programs? Who should be considered guilty for it? On Psychcentral.com, in an article entitled Movie Violence Can Overwhelm Children, by Rick Nauert PHD Senior News Editor, Keilah Worth, the leader of the study says: In Britain, no adolescent would be admitted to these movies unless they were 18. The R rating in this country is clearly not preventing our young people from seeing them . . . We know so much about the harmful effects of exposure to violent media content, but how much exposure children actually get has been largely ignored. Now, were learning more about the large numbers of kids seeing this material and who they are . . . We should re-think the current movie rating system, which has been in place for 40 years, and was designed when kids could only see movies in theaters. Ratings need to be more prominent on all movies, whether they are seen in theaters or purchased in the store, and we need clearer messages to parents. Pediatricians and child advocates should instruct parents to strictly abide by the movie-age guidelines and to closely monitor movie viewing. Is the rating system responsible for it? Is it the governments fault for not setting stricter laws? Or the parents are guilty for a not so strict supervision of their children? This question is yet to be answered. On one hand, the government is responsible for what is aired on TV and for the ratings in theaters. Movies rated-R, such as Scary Movie, which show a high number of extremely violent acts, should not be at hand for young adolescents. Although it is contraindicated for a person aged between 10 14 years to be able to attend such shows, according to Extension.iastate.edu, an average of 12.5 percent of an estimated 22 million children age 10-14 watched at least one movie that is rated-R, but has a higher level of brutality. Scary Movie was watched by an estimated 10 million children (48% of 10-14 year olds). As a fact, cartoons are 5 times more violent than most TV programs. On the other hand, the technology today is so easy to use, anyone can do it. Illegal downloads take pla ce everywhere, so it would be easy for a youngster to get anything digital. Everything is as close as the push of a button. Although punishments for piracy are severe, children are irresponsible and easily impressed by others who do it. Internet downloads fall under the jurisdiction of the parents. Strict supervision of the child when using a computer is absolutely necessary, until the child reaches a proper age for him to know what is good and what is wrong for himself. Culture, religion, and the way a child was educated in the family are also important, but in a lesser manner. Why do children do it? Why are they so desperate about watching violent movies? Some think that this is a ritual, some king of passage from a child to a teenager or from a teenager to an adult. Others believe that it is pure rebellion against parents and society, which is caused by violent movies (this explanation tends to be circular so some doubt its validity). In any case, what we know is that we must not encourage and we should prevent (if possible) children from watching high-ranked in violence movies, letting them lead a normal childhood and develop themselves as beautiful, well-rounded individuals. There are several problems that have draw questions upon themselves. For example: at what age should be children allowed to start watching violent movies, rating brutality in movies, which movie would be suitable for what age or the existence of good violence,. The term good violence appeared in 1960s, when TV channels broadcasted racist violence against African Americans. Some peop le believe that this is not violence, because it was released under the title of news. Others believe that no matter why is out there, is still violence. The topic is still argued by the two sides, and it would probably be debated a long time from now. But there has been reached a compromise concerning film ratings: YMaterial is suitable for all audiences, no violence; Y7Material is suitable for older children, may contain fantasy violence; GMaterial is suitable for general audiences, very little or no violence; PG Parental guidance is suggested, may contain some violence; 14 Parents are strongly cautioned, could contain moderate amounts of violence; MA Mature audiences only, contains material not suitable for children; In addition to this rating system, all of the television shows have sub-ratings. The sub-ratings include V for violence, S for sexual situations, L for explicit language, FV for fantasy violence, and D for suggestive dialog. These ratings help parents limit what their children watch. (suite101.com pg2) How parents can help. There are many and different ways which a parent can use to get to his child, and control, in one way or another, what the kid is watching without letting it seem like a total control, which most teens and young children hate. Some examples would be: media-free bedrooms for the children, common TV areas and family TV time, lack of free and unsupervised Internet access, suggesting a change of channel when the scenes become violent, discussions concerning the subject et cetera. A parent can also use Internet to research movies and their ratings so they will know what to let their young ones watch and what not. A different approach may be needed for different persons but the key is perseverance. As a parent, you should not give up when your daughter or your son finds new ways to watch whatever they want without you knowing. There is always a solution for these problems. On adults. Any differences based on sex or race? The effects that violent movies have on adults are not as researched as those on children and teenagers, probably because as the time passes by and a person already formed his or hers personality, it is hard to change that personality through an exposition of violent moving pictures. Recent studies have shown that the impact on adults does not differ from one person to another based on race or cultural provenience, proving equality and offering a good starting point for any race, but also removing myths that said some cultures are more violent than others. On the other hand, there is, or better said, was a difference between genres. Since women began being treated as being equal to men, aggressive behavior had increased in female society. In recent years, violent female characters appeared in movies, and it became more acceptable for a women to act freely and violent. However, compulsion will increase in both genres as long as brutal m odels are shown and promoted by the media. Even though this kind of movies affect adults too, it is hard to deny ones access to them. For example, a patient in a mental institute is suing United States because of the desire to view movies that contain violence, suicide and nudity. The patient, Larry Filliung, has strangled his girlfriend and was found not guilty by reason of insanity is requesting a change in rules, because the institute controls which movies can be viewed in groups and which not. Filliungs lawyer, Mark J. Heyrman, says that people like his client will one day be released and that sheltering him from controversial topics does not help him reintegrate into society. CRITICS AND CRITICISM Movie critics have a compared a multitude of movies to real life incidents, or better said tragic events. By drawing parallels between those two, critics have reached the conclusion that many terrorist attacks have their roots and draw their ideas from violent American movies, such as Independence Day or The Siege.

Buddhism Essay -- Buddhism India Buddha Religion Essays

Buddhism Buddhism is the great oriental religion founded by Guatama Buddha, who lived and taught in India in the sixth century BC All Buddhists trace their faith to Buddha and "revere" his person (Frederic 15). Nearly all types of Buddhism include monastic orders whose members serve as teachers and clergy to the lay community (Maraldo 19). However, beyond these common features the numerous sects of modern Buddhism exhibit great variety in their beliefs and practices. In its oldest surviving form, known as Theravada or Hinayana. Buddhism is primarily a spiritual philosophy and system of ethics (Frederic 16). It places little or no emphasis on deities, teaching that the goal of the faithful is to achieve nirvana, a blissful state of insight and release from the bonds of the self, the world, and an endless round of births, deaths, and rebirths in successive lives (Maraldo 20). The state of spiritual perfection is achieved through the practice of humility, generosity, mercy, abstention from violence, and above all, self-control. The latter forms of Buddhism, known as Mahayana, however, often worship a pantheon of divine Buddhas and future Buddhas (Zwalf 20). Some have a elaborate hierarchies demons as well. Several varieties of Mahayana Buddhism promise the worshiper a real paradise rather than a perfected spiritual state ( Zwalf 21). Several sects emphasize faith more strongly than works. "One sec seeks to induce in the believer a jarring, intuitive, nonrational insight into true reality" (Maraldo 24). In all lands to which Buddhism has spread it has made adaptations to local conditions. For example, in Japan extreme nationalist sects have developed. Differences may be seen in Buddhist art, architecture, inconograph, ritua... ...one percent of the population) in India, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Indonesia (Frederic 46). Outside Asia, a few thousand live in North America (300,000), South America (160,000), and Europe (20,000) (Frederic 48). The total number of Buddhists in the world is not surely known; estimates vary from less than 200,000,000 to 500,000,000 (Frederic 48). Buddhism is one the major religions of the world. Buddhism is become a dominant religious, cultural , and social force in most of Asia. It has combined with elements like Hinduism. Buddhism will continue to spread out across the world. Works Cited Maraldo, John. Buddhism in the Modern World. New York: Macmillan, 1990. Zwalf, W. Buddhism Art and Faith. New York: Macmillan, 1990. Frederic, Louis. Buddhism. New York: Flammarion, 1995. Snellgrove, David. The Image of Buddha. New York: Serindia, 1991.

Jewish Perceptions of Jesus Christ Essay -- Judaism Christianity Chris

Jewish Perceptions of Jesus Christ Christianity and Judaism are major world religions which, though they worship the same God, have marked differences which have caused two thousand years of strife and animosity between the two religions. In his book We Jews and Jesus, Samuel Sandmel likens the link between Judaism and Christianity to a type of parent-child relationship, saying, â€Å"Early Christianity was a Judaism; within a century after the death of Jesus it was a separate religion. It was critical of its parent, and hostile to it, and elicited from its parent reciprocal criticism and hostility.†1 Opposing views of Jesus Christ caused the initial rift between Judaism and Christianity and is the primary source of the tension between the two religions which has continued for the last two millennia. Therefore, in order to understand how Judaism and Christianity relate to one another, it is essential to understand the way Jesus is perceived in each religion. The way that Christians view Jesus is quite well known, but Judaism’s view of him is much lesser known, so it is important to explore Judaism’s perceptions of Jesus, beginning with New Testament times, and to examine the ways in which these feelings and opinions have changed over time. Although the New Testament is the main source of information regarding Jesus’ life, Jews often disregard it as a reliable source of information. It was not written until two to three generations after Jesus, hence it cannot be considered a primary source. Also, from a Jewish perspective, the aim of the Gospels is not to give an accurate account of Jesus’ life and teachings; the Gospels served as missionary documents containing accounts recorded by biased evangelists. They reflect the aims of the church rather than actual facts, and their writers were more concerned with the advancement of Christianity than the transmission of factual historical information. For these reasons, it is impossible to separate the historical Jesus from the divine Christ presented in the Gospels, and Judaism regards the Gospels as unreliable and irrational. It is not known exactly when Jesus was born, but according to the Christian calender, his birth year was circa 4 B.C. Christmas, the day of Christ’s birth, is celebrated by Christians on December 25, but the actual day and month of his birth are unknown. Rachel Zurer, a followe... ...-40. 42. Votaw, C.W., "The Modern Jewish View of Jesus." The Biblical World, 1905. 26(2): p. 102. 43. Votaw, C.W., "The Modern Jewish View of Jesus." The Biblical World, 1905. 26(2): p. 102. 44. Votaw, C.W., "The Modern Jewish View of Jesus." The Biblical World, 1905. 26(2): p. 115. 45. Votaw, C.W., "The Modern Jewish View of Jesus." The Biblical World, 1905. 26(2): p. 106. 46. Votaw, C.W., "The Modern Jewish View of Jesus." The Biblical World, 1905. 26(2): p. 106. 47. Votaw, C.W., "The Modern Jewish View of Jesus." The Biblical World, 1905. 26(2): p. 117. 48. Votaw, C.W., "The Modern Jewish View of Jesus." The Biblical World, 1905. 26(2): p. 109-110. 49. Votaw, C.W., "The Modern Jewish View of Jesus." The Biblical World, 1905. 26(2): p. 102. 50. Votaw, C.W., "The Modern Jewish View of Jesus." The Biblical World, 1905. 26(2): p. 110-111. 51. Votaw, C.W., "The Modern Jewish View of Jesus." The Biblical World, 1905. 26(2): p. 110, 112. 52. Votaw, C.W., "The Modern Jewish View of Jesus." The Biblical World, 1905. 26(2): p. 102, 114. 53. Sandmel, S., in We Jews and Jesus. 1965, Oxford University Press: New York. p. 47.

Essay --

Paul’s first contact with a major center of slavery may have been in the city of Tyre. Groups of Gentile slave of both sexes from Syria and beyond came to Jerusalem through Tyre’s slave-market. He passed through Tyre on his way to Jerusalem. Paul went on to Judea and Jerusalem. In Judea and Jerusalem, Paul undoubtedly saw many slaves working in a wide variety of activities, including positions of high responsibility in the court of Herod and the families of high priest. Slaves varied place to place which determined the slavery population and gender. Around Jerusalem itself it seemed to have been no industries requiring of slaves nor many rural estates which used slave-labor in large numbers. Within the city Paul saw great number of domestic and civil slaves, both Jews and Gentile. One of the places Paul visited was Tarsus. In Tarsus where Paul was born was mostly woman since the type of work was mostly linen weaving, dyeing, leather cutting, and carpentry. Paul travelled from Tarsus to Corinth and saw many different types of slaves on this journey. From Tarsus, Paul continued on to Corinth. In Jerusalem as well as in Corinth, Paul saw slaves whose special abilities made it favorable to their owners to rent them by the day or by contract. In short Paul, was already acquainted with slavery before he left Jerusalem. When Paul traveled Asia Minor he saw an increasingly large slave population in the cities where the total of the slave population may have been about one third of the entire body of residents. In Ephesus slaves were involved in the widest thinkable range of activities, including working in the local wholesale and distributing agencies and managing retail stores. Very commonly, people were engaged in manufacturing, dis... ...hrough the imagery of slavery. b. Philemon, Letter to- written between 58AD and 60AD while Paul was in Roman prison. i. The letter was written to Philemon, who was a wealthy Gentile Christian in Colossae who became a believer a believer under Paul’s ministry (philem 19) ii. The heart of the letter centers upon Onesimus, Philemon’s slave who somehow wronged his master (philem 18), made his way to Paul in prison (philem 9), was converted (philem 10), and became a useful partners (philem 11, 13) But under the existing laws governing slaver, Paul knows that Onesimus must be returned to his rightful owner. Paul implores Philemon not only to receive (philem 17, forgive (philem 18: see Forgiveness) and acknowledge Onesimus’ new status as a fellow believer (philem 16), but to relinquish all claims upon Onesimus so that he can continue serving with Paul. (Philem 13, 21).

Rat Pow

RAT POW Problem Statement: I this POW we were assigned to find the population of the exponential growth of a rat population, residing on a perfect, utopian island after a year. Organisms will flourish prosperity on the Island and no deaths would occur. The journey began when merely 2 full-grown rats, the one original male and female, arrived on the island. Their offspring would be determined by the following: Every day from January 1st, the original mother would give birth to a liter of 6 infant rats. Within this 6, half would consist of female offspring, leaving the other half to become male.She would continue to produce offspring every 40 days (the 1st Generation of Offspring). The 1st Generation would then produce their 2nd generation of offspring 120 days after their birth. Finally, the 2nd Generation would produce the 3rd Generation of their offspring after 40 days. Process: I organized my final data in a table format, but it was not a result of my first attempts to solve the pr oblem by any means. First, I made a sort of chart solely calculating which days were the markers for the original Mother's babies (the 1st Generation).I counted 40 continuous days, starting from January 1st, and when I got to the 40th day after January first (which was February 9th) I started over counting from 1-40 once again. I continued on with this method to conclude that 9 cycles of descendants would occur during 365 life span, reproducing every 40 days. In addition, I also had the dates of each of the days that Generation 1 would be produced, which I found out was no use to my problem or solution. From there, I thought I could simply count the days that the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generations were born, but then I came to a realization with just how many rats there would actually be.I came to the assumption that such a tactic would take a tremendous amount of time to complete and that a different, and more efficient maneuver should be perused. So I got together with a friend to see if we could come up with a competent strategy. We decided we would conduct the family tree strategy, so we first taped many regular printer paper sheets together to have enough space for the tree. We started with a Male and Female plot, and attempted to branch of from there to depict each generation accurately.We quickly learned that our procedure, and the rate we were going, would probably take days to complete and that is was completely insufficient time-wise. We tried to find ways around it, and eventually decided to call it a day. At home, I explain the situation to one of my parents and they have me the idea for a table. It would consist of time intervals by day (day 1, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, and 360), the breeders during that time/day, and the number of rats during that day included in either the 1st Generation, 2nd Generation, of 3rd Generation.On day 1, there were 2 Breeders (the original Mother and Father), six 1st Generation babies, and no 2nd or 3rd Generat ions yet. On day 40, there were still only 2 breeders (the Mother and Father because the babies had just been born), 6 1st Generation baby rats, 6 2nd Generation baby Rats, and no 3rd generation baby rats. As you can observe in the table below, I continued on with the pattern until I got to day 360 and every column in the table with completed. I counted up the total number of rats in every column, and it totaled up to 1,808 rats which I knew was correct because I had official verification.

Impact of Computers in Todays Society

Computer, as the term is most commonly used, refers to the digital computer, an electronic device that makes lengthy or complicated calculations at high speeds and (except for certain small models) is also able to make decisions based on logic. A less common type of computer is the analog computer. A digital computer forms the core of a data processing system. Data processing is, basically, the organization of information into a useful form by such processes as comparing, selecting, and arranging. A very simple example of data processing is alphabetizing a list of names. Electronic data processing, or EDP, is data processing performed by a computer. Computers vary greatly in the speed at which they can perform calculations and in their ability to handle complicated tasks. Computers also vary greatly in size—from arrays of equipment occupying a large room to a slice of silicon smaller than a postage stamp. In general, small computers are referred to as microcomputers; large computers, as mainframes; and computers of intermediate size, as minicomputers. General-purpose microcomputers are commonly called personal computers. The computer ranks as one of the major technological developments of the 20th century. Beginning about 1950, it took the computer less than two decades to revolutionize the methods of business, industry, and government; to greatly advance work in the sciences; and to find wide application in such diverse fields as accounting, education, medicine, and publishing. Today, the computer industry—which includes the manufacturing of computers, the designing and marketing of computer programs, and the providing of computer-related services—is among the most important in the world. History Early forerunners of the computer were the abacus, developed in the ancient times in the Far East, and an adding machine invented in 1641 by Blaise Pascal of France. The principle of the punched card was developed about 1801 by Joseph Marie Jacquard, also of France. His cards were used to control the pattern produced in textiles by a loom. All of the basic principles of the modern digital computer—input and output devices, storage and arithmetic units, and the sequencing of instructions—were conceived in the 1820’s and 1830’s by Charles Babbage, an English mathematician. He completed a small computer, called a difference engine, in 1822. It consisted primarily of gears and levers and was similar to a modern mechanical desk calculator. Impact and use of computers A computer is a high-speed mathematician, file clerk, and a typist. It can perform many thousands of times more rapidly than human without error. Its many uses grow out of these characteristics. Computers are used in business to do many routine and time-consuming jobs, such as handling billing, payrolls, and inventory. Computers can be used in making forecasts of future sales figures or economic conditions. In many organizations, computers are used as word processors, simplifying the production of reports, letters, and other documents. Some organizations routinely transmit memos and other messages by means of computer linkups, a form of communication known as electronic mail. Reporters, salespeople, and other workers can produce their written work on portable computers and then transmit the work to an office via telephone lines. In the school, computers are used in many classrooms to assist teachers in instructing students. Computers are used in a variety of ways, from supplying simple drills to providing complex simulations of such processes as conducting a scientific experiments or managing a large company. In such sciences as physics, chemistry, and psychology, computers are used to monitor experiments and organize the results so that they can be interpreted more easily. In astronomy, computers perform the complicated alculations necessary for determining the orbits and relative positions of various heavenly bodies. In engineering, computers are used to help produce and evaluate the design of new products. Another use of computers is to control industrial processes. This form of control, a type of automation, has been applied to such processes as machining, oil refining, and the manufacture of chemicals. Another industrial use is to control robots used in assembly operations. Computers are essential for a variety of functions performed by government agencies. For example, computers are used by the National Weather Services for analyzing large amounts of weather data to make weather forecasts; by the Federal Aviation Administration for operating the complex equipment needed to direct air traffic; by the Internal Revenue Service for handling tax records; by the Census Bureau for compiling statistical data on the country’s population; and by the military for communication, defense, and weapons systems. In the home, computers are used for a number of purposes. A popular used of home computers is for playing video games. They are also used to gain access by telephone hook-up to networks providing a variety of information and communication services. In some homes, computers are used for word processing and for maintaining household records. It is also known to surf the web and collect various information off of the internet. Many people work off of a computer for a living. A computer can perform a virtually unlimited number of calculations, one after another, without further action on the part of the person using it. It is this ability that sets a computer apart from an ordinary calculating machine, which requires control by a human operator for each calculation. Although the computer itself deals only with numbers, it can work with information that was not originally in numerical form if that information lends itself to mathematical and logical analysis. It does so by first converting the information into numbers; it then performs calculations with the numbers and converts the result into a usable form. Although computer does not think, it does make decisions. Each decision is based on a logical pattern previously stored—by a human being—in the computer. It makes a decision by following instructions such as â€Å"If the number you are reading is 10 or less, proceed to the next step. If it is greater than 10, skip the next step. † In making decisions, the computer uses the same processes as those described in the article LOGIC.

Titration of Calcium HydroxideG

We did this by titrating Hydrochloric Acid into 10 com of Calcium Hydroxide. As we titrated HCI into the Calcium Hydroxide solution, the phenolphthalein's pink shade given to the Calcium Hydroxide slowly became clearer until the complete lack of pink color in the solution of base and acid. My value of 1. 58 g/mol was close to the accepted value of . 59 g/mol with only a 0. 6 + 0. 007% error, which is almost identical to the theoretical value. Because of such a small percentage error, one can attribute the error to random error, and not systematic because of its small value.Limitation/weakness How much did it affect my result Human error exists even outside uncertainty, where the HCI solution was possibly not correctly stirred along with the Calcium Hydroxide. Because of the fact that this is a titration experiment, the stirring and conglomeration of hydrochloric acid and calcium hydroxide needed to be constant in order for the reaction and correct mount of hydrochloric acid was used to neutralize the basic aspect of calcium hydroxide. Because of the inconsistent stirring, there must have been a small amount of error attributed to this limitation, though it may not look as much.Possibility: The Calcium Hydroxide solid that did not dissolve into the water may have passed the filter into the actual solution used, causing discrepancies in the data. A second limitation/weakness that may have caused our error is because of the fact that we may not have been careful enough with the filtration of the saturated Calcium Hydroxide. Because the filters themselves may not have been perfect experiment might have taken a wrong turn with solid Calcium Hydroxide within the solution as well, needing a smidgen more Hydrochloric Acid to neutralize it.Evaluation of quality of the result: Although there is limitations to our measuring, since we were only able to measure to 2 decimals as a volume, this experiment is still a valid way to figure out the concentration of Calcium Hydroxi de with Just the amount and concentration of Hydrochloric Acid, and can be used by other scientists who would theoretically have no idea about how to go about the method of determining the concentration of Calcium Hydroxide. Limitation or weakness Improvement 1 . Human error exists even outside uncertainty, where the HCI solution was possibly not correctly stirred along with the Calcium Hydroxide.To lower this error and improve this limitation, we could have the same person stir the solution/titration constantly, with more precision and concentration over this mixture, as to get the correct amount of HCI needed to neutralize the solution without any disagreements over what neutralized means or not. With two people concentrated over specific tasks, the uncertainty would also become much smaller as well due to less error attributed to our mistakes. 2. Possibility: The Calcium Hydroxide old that did not dissolve into the water may have passed the filter into the actual solution used, c ausing discrepancies in the data.One of the biggest improvements we could make is that we could, this time around, not add such a large amount of Calcium Hydroxide powder into water blindly, as had been done before, so that we would be able to have more saturated water to work with, as opposed to what we had to work with at that moment when the experiment was done. By doing that, we would be able to reduce uncertainty that may have come along with the solid Calcium Hydroxide mixed in with the saturated solution.

High Concept Films

According to Justin Wyatt the high concept film is valued by some in the film industry and derided by others. He states, ‘Whereas creative executives such as Katzenberg would stress the originality of a high concept idea, media critics would suggest that high concept actually represents the zero point of creativity’. Discuss the validity of both points of view with reference to Terminator 2: Judgment Day (James Cameron, 1991) and one other film. The high concept film represents the economically invested interests of Hollywood, as the high concept film is produced to be highly marketable.With Hollywood simply being a profit seeking business, the high concept film provided an assurance of box office revenue in a time when the industry was in decline. It can be argued that this change in filmmaking merely altered the style of Hollywood films, allowing film makers to thrive conceptually in simpler narratives. Conversely, it can also be argued that this resulted in the produc tion of creatively bankrupt films, where the importance of marketability far outweighs that of creativity, originality and complexity.This essay will argue both sides of this debate with reference to Terminator 2: Judgment Day (Cameron, 1991) and Jaws (Spielberg, 1975). James Cameron's Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) is an example of a director exploring complex conceptual meaning beyond the simple high concept narrative. Whereas Steven Spielberg's Jaws (1975) is an example whereby the simplicity of a high concept film not only limits creative exploration, but also breeds consecutive similar films such as sequels and remakes.High concept filmmaking emerged from a post-WWII America, where Hollywood studios were struggling to produce a product that would re-energise decreasing profits. The 1948 Paramount case saw the Supreme court decide that the Big Five Hollywood studios were monopolizing the film industry (Balio 1990, p. 5). This decree was concluded on the basis that the Big Fiv e (Paramount, Warner Bros. , MGM, Twentieth Century Fox, and RKO) owned studios, worldwide distribution, and controlled theatre chains; therefore monopolizing the production, distribution and exhibition of the industry (Balio 1990, p. ). This verdict saw the studios separated from exhibition as not only was block booking and unfair film distribution condemned, but the Big Five also had to divorce their theatre chains (Balio 1990, p. 5). The paramount decree in conjunction with the raising middleclass, suburbanisation, and the domestication of the television, saw Hollywood profits drop significantly. Where middle-class Americans may have had more time and money, this was predominantly spent on domesticated items and vacations (Balio 1990, p. ). In addition, the move to the suburbs had audiences drawn away from city theatres and instead take to watching television more conveniently (Balio 1990, p. 3). As a result movie attendance halved, and thousands of theatres were closed down (Bal io 1990, p. 3). It therefore becomes clear that Hollywood needed products that would return profits to the industry. Where Hollywood was struggling to survive in a diminishing industry, it also had to compete with rivalling television entertainment.This caused for Hollywood to differentiate its product and furthermore encouraged collaboration with the new entertainment medium, which consequently bread the high concept film. Hollywood differentiated it's product technologically for the most part, through gimmicks such as 3D experimentation, different widescreen technologies, and colour film (Balio 1990, p. 24). During the 50's, colour films were being produced as a superior product to black and white television; however the novelty quickly wore off (Balio 1990, p. 24).Widescreen and 3D techniques were also explored with technology such as Naturescope, Panavision, and CinemaScope; again these brought audiences back to the cinema, however they were no more than temporary attempts (Bali o 1990, p. 26-28). It became evident that specific demographics had to be targeted – much like television does – in order to market films successfully to audiences (Balio 1990, p. 28). This saw a collaboration between film and television as old films were aired on television to fill time slots; Hollywood generated revenue through telefilm production; and foremost, film marketing had access to television (Balio 1990, p. 8,31-32). This consequently bread the high concept film, as a film had to be sold in a single sentence when restricted to a short TV ad slot; thus associating the term with marketable plots (Wyatt 1994, p. 8). It's reasonable to believe that high concept films were therefore â€Å"designed to be sold† (Wyatt 1994, p. 14). With the term high concept unarguably associated with films that Hollywood favour in return of predictable commercial success, there's no doubt that they're heavily influenced by marketing and merchandising integration (Wyatt 199 4, p. 7).This creates a style of filmmaking that has an emphasis on star personas, fashionable subject matter, presold premise, and the ability to be pitched (Wyatt 1994, p. 12). The pitch is generally a single sentence summary of a film, which will at first sell the film to studios, and secondly it will create the marketing hook that catches the attention of audiences during ad campaigns (Wyatt 1994, p. 8). This influences the narratives of high concept films as they're sculpted to be pitched. Wyatt notes that this produces an idea that is â€Å"very straightforward, easily communicated, and easily comprehended† (1994, p. ). Many films value this simple narrative approach, such with Snakes on a Plane (2006) being a film simply about snakes on a plane; American Gangster (2007) is about Frank Lucas and the gangster culture during the 1970's; Star Wars (1977) is about epic intergalactic space battles. The use of stars also become prominent in the high concept film, as stars not only attract audiences, but they can also be attached to specific star personas, both of which favour marketing (Wyatt 1994, p. 10). For example John Wayne or Clint Eastwood in a western film is instantly recognizable.Fashionable subject matter involves cashing in on what's popular culture, such as the recent string of alien films. These include Cloverfield (2008), District 9 (2009), Battle L. A (2011), Skyline (2010), Cowboys and Aliens(2011) and Predators (2010) to name a few. Pre sold premise is the production of films that are already successful and have pre established audiences, which Wyatt suggests is limiting new ideas, â€Å"relying heavily upon the replication and combination of previously successful narratives† (1994, p. 3). This is most evident in the abundance of comic book adaptations over the years – mostly superhero films – such as Batman (1989) and Batman Begins (2005), or Superman (1978) and Superman Returns (2006). It's therefore clear that t he marketing and commercial aspect of high concept filmmaking influences the narrative and style of films produced in Hollywood. This can foremost be seen as an indictment of Hollywood, as creativity is no doubt limited when favouring those films that are adaptations, sequels or remakes.The film Jaws (1975) is no doubt a high concept film, as the attributes of the pitch, stars and pre sold premise are evident in its production. The film has the simplicity of a high concept narrative, possibly pitched as ‘giant shark attacks swimmers'. For example the pitch used in the trailer was â€Å"Jaws. See it before you go swimming† (Jaws 1975). Therefore the pitch would have sold the concept of the film to studios, and also been used in the marketing for the film. Furthermore, the film starred Richard Dreyfuss, Roy Scheider and Robert Shaw, each of which were prominent film and television actors that were featured in the Jaws trailer.However, the fact that Jaws (1975) was a preso ld premise would have been the primary studio attraction to the film. With Peter Benchley's novel Jaws a bestseller, the film was able to use the novel's success in their marketing; noting such achievements in the film trailer. These marketing attributes of the film therefore create the simple high concept narrative of Jaws (1975). Directed by Steven Spielberg, he even proclaims a desire for such a simple narrative, â€Å"I like ideas , especially movie ideas, that you can hold in your hand† (Wyatt 1994, p. 13).From this the negative connotation associated with the high concept film is introduced, as Jaws (1975) bread sequels, a franchise, and similar Hollywood productions. For the most part critics condemn such high concept films as creatively bankrupt, claiming that they're â€Å"the zero point of creativity†¦ relying heavily upon the replication and combination of previous successful narrative† (Wyatt 1994, pp. 13). Being a novel adaptation, this is no doubt re levant to Jaws (1975), however I don't believe it to be a creatively bankrupt film, as there is an art in adapting a novel for screen.Where I do agree however is in regards to the 3 Jaws (1975) sequels, each of which used the same concept merely with altered plot elements. This is no more than exploiting a successful film by using its generic plot that was so easily summarized for marketing purposes. Furthermore, this high concept film has inspired other similar giant creature films such as Lake Placid (1999) and Shark Attack (1999). In addition to this, the Friday the 13th (1980) franchise could be said to be Jaws (1975) with a man instead of a shark.Both of these films rarely depict the ‘killer' killing, and both films have consistent suspense music that plays during the presence of the killer. To continue this further, Friday the 13th (1980) established a repetitive franchise of 10 films, again exploiting a simple high concept narrative. These examples clearly indicate a ha bit to duplicate and exploit high concept films, which I believe is where creative potential is most hindered in this debate. Also considered a high concept film is James Cameron's Terminator 2: Judgement Day, as it too incorporates Hollywood stars, pres sold premise, and the simplicity of the pitch.Again this film is also a presold premise, as it's a sequel to The Terminator which was also successful. Therefore the narrative of this film simply continues from that of The Terminator, however now the terminator must protect the Connor duo. This is simply summarised in the trailer as â€Å"this time he's back. For good† (The Terminator 1984). This sequel brings back stars Arnold Schwarzenegger and Linda Hamilton, with Arnold primarily featured throughout the films marketing. So with the stars and simplistic narrative both a result of Terminator as a presold premise, this film is no doubt a high concept film.As a result of this, critics would assumedly favour Terminator 2 as a m arketing plot, as sequels are economically strong due to the ability to be marketed through the previous films (Wyatt 1994, p13). However, this is a critically narrow perception of high concept films in general. Tho Jaws may be seen as a lack of creativity in relation to its franchise, Terminator 2 has been studied beyond its simple narrative, granting it more value and meaning. While critics prefer denouncing high concept films, those within the industry favour and encourage the high concept.Wyatt claims that the industry stresses the originality and uniqueness of high concept films, and such Terminator 2: Judgement Day (1991) will be the example (1994, p. 14). While Terminator 2 (1991) may be a high concept film, James Cameron managed to provide a film that can be analysed beyond the simple cyborg narrative (Radner 1998, p. 249). By contrasting Sarah Connor from Terminator 2 (1991) with her character in the original, it's clear that there's a contrasting development of femininity (Radner 1998, p. 253).This can be seen to not only symbolise her evolution in the narrative, but also as a reflection of Hollywood feminist culture (Radner 1998, p. 260). The Hollywood female being that of masculine desire, reducing â€Å"femininity to her image† (Radner 1998, p. 260). In The Terminator (1984), Sarah Connor appears â€Å"fragile, rounded and fecund†, being typically feminine (Radner 1998, p. 260). However, in Terminator 2 (1991) – after the term of her pregnancy – the same character appears much more masculine and irrational (Radner 1998, p. 249-250).This therefore defies the Hollywood model of femininity, while also inverting the rationality of men with the maternal mother (Radner 1998, p. 250). Cameron has used Sarah Connors body as not only a symbol of her evolution and a reflection of Hollywood culture itself, but also to encompass the complex – somewhat contradictory – character that she's become (Radner 1998, p. 251). While fearing for her sons life, she arguably neglects her maternal instincts in order to save humanity, and in doing so appears to jeopardise her sanity (Radner 1998, p. 252).In addition, she also helps to humanize the cyborg that she once feared (Radner 1998, p. 251). This is clearly a complex character transformation through the two Terminator films, and to discard such characterisation as creatively bankrupt would be nothing but generalisation and ignorance. With that, it's clear that the high concept film can be conceptually superior to what critics may give them credit for. In reference to sequels, remakes and adaptations, there's no doubt that the critical view of high concept filmmaking – put forth by Wyatt – is valid.This is evident with the Jaws (1975) franchise – as well as the other previously mentioned films – as the incentive to exploit popular ideas discourages the exploration and creation of new original ideas. In summary, the high concept film is undoubtedly produced at the cost of lower concept films, as low concept films rarely have the same marketing potential that has been discussed. However with reference to Terminator 2 (1991) comes the validity of the opposing argument, as this film has encouraged feminist analysis and reflection despite its marketing value and simple narrative.In addition, Terminator 2 (1991) doesn't stand alone as a superior high concept film, as technically any film can be analysed beyond the surface narrative. This proves that while the high concept film has it's commercial placement in Hollywood, there still remains a place for it artistically. Where marketing and economic interests may produce a ‘simple' style of filmmaking, filmmakers are still encouraged and challenged to explore artistically elsewhere in the production of such films. The high concept saved the Hollywood film industry financially, and is the primary reason for its success through to contemporary cinema.Therefore to brand it a creative burden is to ignore the current success and progress of the industry, and to praise it is to ignore the creativity explored in lower concept films. Reference List American Gangster, 2007, motion picture, Ridley Scott, USA. Balio, T 1990, ‘Introduction to Part 1', Hollywood in the Age of Television, London, pp. 3-40. Batman, 1989, motion picture, Dir. Tim Burton, USA. Batman Begins, 2005, motion picture, Dir. Christopher Nolan, USA. Battle L. A, 2011, motion picture, Dir. Jonathan Liebesman, USA. Cloverfield, 2008, motion picture, Dir. Matt Reeves, USA.Cowboys and Alien, 2011, motion picture, Dir. Jon Favreau, USA. District 9, 2009, motion picture, Dir. Neil Blomkamp, USA. Friday the 13th, 1980, motion picture, Dir. Sean S. Cunningham, USA. Jaws, 1975, motion picture, Dir. Steven Spielberg, USA. Lake Placid, 1999, motion picture, Dir. Steven Miner, USA. Predators 2010, motion picture, Dir. Nimrod Antal, USA. Radner, H 1998, ‘New Hollywood's New Wom en: Murder in Mind – Sarah and Maggie', in Steven Neal (ed), Contemporary Hollywood Cinema, London, pp. 247-262. Shark Attack, 1999, motion picture, Dir. Bob Misiorowski, USA. Skyline, 2010, motion picture, Dir.Colin Strause ; Greg Strause, USA. Snakes on a Plane, 2006, motion picture, Dir. David R. Ellis, USA. Star Wars, 1977, motion picture, Dir. George Lucas, USA. Superman, 1978, motion picture, Dir. Richard Donner, USA. Superman Returns, 2006, motion picture, Dir. Bryan Singer, USA. Terminator 2: Judgement Day, 1991, motion picture, Dir. James Cameron, USA. The Terminator, 1984, motion picture, Dir. james Cameron, USA. Wyatt, J 1994, ‘A critical redefinition: the concept of the high concept film', in High Concept: Movies and Marketing in Hollywood, University of Texas, pp. 8-20.